Korea began with the founding of Joseon (The name Gojoseon is almost always used to prevent confusion with another Joseon dynasty founded in 14th century; the prefix Go- means ‘old’ or ‘earlier’) in 2333 BCE by Dangun.^[16] Gojoseon expanded until it controlled much of the northern Korean peninsula and parts of Manchuria. After numerous wars with the Chinese Han Dynasty, Gojoseon disintegrated, leading to the Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea period.

In the early centuries of the Common Era, Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye, and the Samhan confederacy occupied the peninsula and southern Manchuria. Of the various small states, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla grew to control the peninsula as the Three Kingdoms. The unification of the Three Kingdoms by Silla in 676 led to the North South States Period, in which much of the Korean peninsula was controlled by Unified Silla, while Balhae succeeded the northern parts of Goguryeo. In Unified Silla, poetry and art was encouraged, and Buddhist culture flourished. Relationships between Korea and China remained relatively peaceful during this time. However, Unified Silla weakened under internal strife, and surrendered to Goryeo in 935. Balhae, Silla’s neighbor to the north, was formed as a successor state to Goguryeo. During its height, Balhae controlled most of Manchuria and parts of Russia. It fell to the Khitan in 926.

Jikji, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type in 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris.

After the North-South Period, successor states fought for control during the Later Three Kingdoms period. The peninsula was soon united by Emperor Taejo of Goryeo. Like Silla, Goryeo was a highly cultural state and created the Jikji in 1377, using the world’s oldest movable metal printing press.^[17]

The Mongol invasions in the 13th century greatly weakened Goryeo. However, Goryeo continued to rule Korea as a tributary ally to the Mongols. After the fall of the Mongolian Empire, Goryeo continued its rule. After severe political strife and continued invasions, Goryeo was replaced by the Joseon Dynasty in 1388 following a rebellion by General Yi Seong-gye.

King Taejo declared the new name of Korea as Joseon in reference to Gojoseon, and moved the capital to Seoul. The first 200 years of the Joseon Dynasty was marked by relative peace and saw the creation of Hangul by Sejong the Great in the 14th century and the rise and influence of Confucianism.

Gyeongbok Palace is the largest of the Five Grand Palaces built during the Joseon Dynasty.

Between 1592 and 1598, the Japanese invaded Korea. Toyotomi Hideyoshi led the forces and tried to invade the Asian continent through Korea, but was eventually repelled with action of the Righteous army and assistance from Ming Dynasty China. This war also saw the rise of the career of Admiral Yi Sun-sin and his “turtle ship“. In the 1620s and 1630s Joseon suffered invasions by the Manchu who eventually also conquered the Chinese Ming Dynasty.

After invasions from Manchuria, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace. Especially, King Yeongjo and King Jeongjo led a new renaissance of the Joseon dynasty.

During the last years of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea’s isolationist policy earned it the name the “Hermit Kingdom“, primarily for protection against Western imperialism before it was forced to open trade beginning an era leading into Japanese colonial rule.

[edit] After division

Despite the initial plan of a unified Korea in the 1943 Cairo Declaration, escalating Cold War antagonism between the US and Soviet Union eventually led to the establishment of two separate governments supported by foreign powers, each with its own ideology, leading to Korea’s division into two political entities: North Korea and South Korea. In the North, a former anti-Japanese guerrilla and communist activist, Kim Il-sung gained power through political mobilization of Koreans, and in the South, an exiled and right-wing Korean political leader, Syngman Rhee, was installed as president.

The Seoul Olympic Stadium viewed from the Han River that celebrated the 1988 Summer Olympics.

On 25 June 1950, North Korea launched an attempt to unify the country by military force which lead to the Korean War. At the time, the Soviet Union had boycotted the United Nations (UN), thus forfeiting their veto rights. This allowed the UN to intervene in a civil war when it became apparent that the superior North Korean forces would unify the entire country. The Soviet Union and China backed North Korea, with the later participation of millions of Chinese troops. After huge advances on both sides, and massive losses among Korean civilians in both the north and the south, the war eventually reached a stalemate. The 1953 armistice, never signed by South Korea, split the peninsula along the demilitarized zone near the original demarcation line. No peace treaty was signed, resulting in the two countries remaining technically at war. At least 2.5 million people died during the Korean War.^[18]

In 1960, a student uprising led to the resignation of the autocratic President Syngman Rhee. A period of political instability followed, broken by General Park Chung-hee‘s military coup (the “5-16 coup d’état”) against the weak and ineffectual government the next year. Park took over as president until his assassination in 1979, overseeing rapid export-led economic growth as well as severe political repression. Park was heavily criticised as a ruthless military dictator, although the Korean economy developed significantly during his tenure.

The years after Park’s assassination were marked again by considerable political turmoil as the previously repressed opposition leaders all campaigned to run for president in the sudden political void. In 1980 there was another coup d’état by General Chun Doo-hwan against the transitional government of Choi Gyu Ha, the interim president and a former prime minister under Park. Chun assumed the presidency. His seizure of power triggered nationwide protests demanding democracy, in particular in the city of Gwangju, in Jeollanam-do, where Chun sent special forces to violently suppress the Gwangju Democratization Movement.

View of the Seoul World Cup Stadium used during the 2002 FIFA World Cup co-hosted by South Korea and Japan.

Until 1987, Chun and his government held Korea under a despotic rule when Park Jong Chul—a student attending Seoul National University—was tortured to death. On 10 June, the Catholic Priests’ Association for Justice revealed Park’s torture, igniting huge demonstrations around the country. Eventually, Chun’s party, the Democratic Justice Party, and its leader, Roh Tae-woo announced the June 29th Declaration, which included the direct election of the president. Roh went on to win the election by a narrow margin against the two main opposition leaders, Kim Dae-Jung and Kim Young-Sam.

View of Seoul‘s Gangnam district today. South Korea’s economic success is often called the Miracle on the Han River.

In 1988, Seoul successfully hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics, and continuing economic development led to membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1996. As with many of its Asian neighbors, South Korea was adversely affected by the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, however the country was able to recover and continue its economic growth.

In June 2000, as part of president Kim Dae-Jung’s Sunshine Policy‘ of engagement, a North-South summit took place in Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. Later that year, Kim received the Nobel Peace Prize “for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular.”^[19]

In 2002, South Korea and Japan jointly co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup, however South Korean and Japanese relations later soured due to conflicting claims of sovereignty over the Liancourt Rocks (known as Dokdo in Korea and Takeshima in Japan), in what became known as the Liancourt Rocks dispute.

Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied as early as the Lower Paleolithic period.^[8][9] Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BCE by Dangun. Following the unification of Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 CE, Korea went through the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when Korea was annexed by Japan. After liberation and division at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy. A war between the two Koreas ended in an uneasy cease-fire. During a period of military rule, the South Korean economy grew significantly, and the country was transformed into a major economy^[10] and a full democracy.

South Korea is a presidential republic consisting of 16 administrative divisions and is a developed country with a high standard of living. It has the fourth largest economy in Asia and the 15th largest in the world. The economy is export-driven, with production focusing on electronics, automobiles, ships, machinery, petrochemicals and robotics. South Korea is a member of the United Nations, WTO, OECD and G-20 major economies. It is also a founding member of APEC and the East Asia Summit, and a major non-NATO ally of the United States. More recently, South Korea’s cultural popularity has increased in Asia and beyond, known as the Korean

Board games use as a central tool a board on which the players’ status, resources, and progress are tracked using physical tokens. Many also involve dice and/or cards. Most games that simulate war are board games (though a large number of video games have been created to simulate strategic combat; see “Video Games” below), and the board may be a map on which the players’ tokens move. Virtually all board games involve “turn-based” play; one player contemplates and then makes a move, then the next player does the same, and a player can only act on their turn. This is opposed to “real-time” play as is found in some card games, most sports and most video games.

Some games, such as chess and Go, are entirely deterministic, relying only on the strategy element for their interest. Children’s games, on the other hand, tend to be very luck-based, with games such as Candy Land having virtually no decisions to be made. Most other board games combine strategy and luck factors; the game of backgammon requires players to decide the best strategic move based on the roll of two dice. Trivia games have a great deal of randomness based on the questions a person gets. German-style board games are notable for often having rather less of a luck factor than many board games.

Board game groups include race games, roll-and-move games, abstract strategy games, word games, and wargames, as well as the trivia and German-style board games mentioned above. Some board games fall into multiple groups and even incorporate elements of other genres: Cranium is one popular example, where players must succeed in each of four main skills: artistry, live performance, trivia, and language skill.

Hukum perdata dapat digolongkan antara lain menjadi:

1. Hukum keluarga
2. Hukum harta kekayaan
3. Hukum benda
4. Hukum Perikatan
5. Hukum Waris

Patung Dewi Keadilan (Lady Justice) atau Justitia,^[1] personifikasi kekuatan moral yang mendasari sistem hukum, terutama di Dunia Barat^[2][3]

Hukum ^[4] adalah sistem yang terpenting dalam pelaksanaan atas rangkaian kekuasaan kelembagaan. ^[5] dari bentuk penyalahgunaan kekuasaan dalam bidang politik, ekonomi dan masyarakat dalam berbagai cara dan bertindak, sebagai perantara utama dalam hubungan sosial antar masyarakat terhadap kriminalisasi dalam hukum pidana, hukum pidana yang berupayakan cara negara dapat menuntut pelaku dalam konstitusi hukum menyediakan kerangka kerja bagi penciptaan hukum, perlindungan hak asasi manusia dan memperluas kekuasaan politik serta cara perwakilan di mana mereka yang akan dipilih. Administratif hukum digunakan untuk meninjau kembali keputusan dari pemerintah, sementara hukum internasional mengatur persoalan antara berdaulat negara dalam kegiatan mulai dari perdagangan lingkungan peraturan atau tindakan militer. filsuf Aristotle menyatakan bahwa “Sebuah supremasi hukum akan jauh lebih baik dari pada dibandingkan dengan peraturan tirani yang merajalela.” ^{[6] [7]}

• 1 Bidang hukum
  • 1.1 Hukum perdata
  • 1.2 Hukum publik
  • 1.3 Hukum pidana
  • 1.4 Hukum acara
  • 1.5 Hukum internasional
• 2 Sistem hukum
  • 2.1 Sistem hukum Eropa Kontinental
  • 2.2 Sistem hukum Anglo-Saxon
  • 2.3 Sistem hukum adat/kebiasaan
  • 2.4 Sistem hukum agama
• 3 Teori hukum
  • 3.1 Sejarah hukum
  • 3.2 Filsafat hukum
  • 3.3 Sosiologi hukum
• 4 Hukum Indonesia
• 5 Lihat pula
• 6 Catatan kaki

Terdapat banyak sekali sistem politik yang dikembangkan oleh negara negara di dunia antara lain: anarkisme,autoritarian, demokrasi, diktatorisme, fasisme, federalisme, feminisme, fundamentalisme keagamaan, globalisme, imperialisme, kapitalisme, komunisme, liberalisme, libertarianisme, marxisme, meritokrasi, monarki, nasionalisme, rasisme, sosialisme, theokrasi, totaliterisme, oligark

Politik adalah seni dan ilmu untuk meraih kekuasaan secara konstitusional maupun nonkonstitusional.

Di samping itu politik juga dapat ditilik dari sudut pandang berbeda, yaitu antara lain:

• politik adalah usaha yang ditempuh warga negara untuk mewujudkan kebaikan bersama (teori klasik Aristoteles)
• politik adalah hal yang berkaitan dengan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dan negara
• politik merupakan kegiatan yang diarahkan untuk mendapatkan dan mempertahankan kekuasaan di masyarakat
• politik adalah segala sesuatu tentang proses perumusan dan pelaksanaan kebijakan publik.

Dalam konteks memahami politik perlu dipahami beberapa kunci, antara lain: kekuasaan politik, legitimasi, sistem politik, perilaku politik, partisipasi politik, proses politik, dan juga tidak kalah pentingnya untuk mengetahui seluk beluk tentang partai politik